Do you know about - collective Planning
Donation Requests! Again, for I know. Ready to share new things that are useful. You and your friends.Most Western countries have a high degree of industrialization and modernization which results in a lot of prosperity. This prosperity, in turn, results in a community in which all citizens can be seen as 'not poor'. This trivial fact is not something which can be seen as a miracle or a natural phenomenon, but as a succeed of planning. In turn, the community as a whole must be organized in such a way that guarantees can be given to its citizens for their individual well-being. This egalitarian principle in Western countries is conceptualized in the term 'welfare state'. It is not the intention of this record to provide a historical account of the emergence of the welfare state, but the main goal is to discuss an prominent catalytic factor in the emergence of the welfare state: group planning.
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Social planning is not synonymous to governmental planning because it is a broad term which is relevant for numerous kinds of planning. Approximately every form of planning, either it is education planning, health planning, firm planning or science planning, all have clear and specific group characteristics. For this reason, a group planner can have different schoraly backgrounds: sociologist, economist, firm administration, group administration, etc.
What is group planning? Planning can be seen as a process in which a specific number of steps in time are undertaken which will succeed in a strategy vital to cope with a obvious problem. Take, for instance, a housewife who wants to cook her family a nice dinner. She will first decide what sort of meal she will prepare. She will make a list of the vital ingredients and she will go to the nearest supermarket and buy these ingredients. Back home she will cook the meal which will be ready colse to evening meal time. Her family can enjoy a warm home cooked meal made with fresh ingredients. This is all the succeed of planning albeit a straightforward form of planning.
Unfortunately, the group reality in which we live in is a lot more complicated and confusing. So, to solve all those complicated problems, the planner has industrialized numerous techniques and methods of planning. In general, all planners tend to agree that there are two kinds of planning. The first type of planning is called titanic planning. This form of planning is associated with extremely specialized planning in a obvious sector or area. For instance education planning, spatial planning, firm planning, etc. Are forms of titanic planning. The second type of planning is procedural planning. This type of planning is involved with normal characteristics of the planning process. The central quiz, of this form of planning is: how can I shape a planning process? This record is about the latter form of planning rather than a specialized method of application of planning. A logical consequence of procedural planning is that planning must be seen as a process. And this process is a process of analysis, anticipation, design, action, and application.
Planning as a 'learning process'
Planning is not an action which can be seen as a process which is uncontroversial. The science of planning is still growing and the notion of planning is numerous. Every planner has his own way of looking at planning and this has resulted in a 'jungle' of planning definitions and concepts. Fortunately, this fact has given a strong impulse to the growth of the science of planning. In the beginning, planning was solely a technical and commercial engagement. But recently planners realized that planning should be seen as a group activity. For this reason, sociologists industrialized a strong interest in the systematic prognosis of planning. A vital consequence of this advent of planning is that the learning aspects of planning have been recognized. So, the notion of planning as a 'learning process' can be seen as the most up-to-date advent of planning. This form of planning has integrated obvious aspects from the system theories, cybernetics, and the transportation and group theories.
A major characteristic of the system theories is that the group reality is seen as a system which consists of subsystems. If we know that the reality consists of subsystems, then it is possible to make models. Models de facto mirror the reality which consists of subsystems. Take, for instance, a mouse who is trying to fly from the claws of a cat. The mouse itself has a dynamic system; it is possible for the mouse to constantly turn its system. In order to fly from the cat, the mouse can run into discrete directions which, in turn, depend on its sight, smell, and hearing capacities. So, the mouse possesses a dynamic system. For planning, however, a dynamic system is not sufficient because the group reality is also changing constantly. The consequence of the changing group reality is that our prognosis of the situation is de facto outdated and irrelevant.
There are two strategies to cope with this problem: using forecasting techniques which can be incorporated in the planning process and/or the incorporation of feedback mechanisms in the planning process. The latter strategy is de facto an aspect which has been derived from cybernetics. So, it can be stated that planning is a learning process since new ideas, changes in the reality, and sense are all incorporated in the planning system by feed-back mechanisms. It is de facto facts (the learning aspects of planning) which is incorporated in the planning process; without facts we cannot function properly.
There is one final aspect which must be incorporated in the planning system: participation. It is de facto an aspect of the transportation and group theories. Planning is regularly not an individualistic activity, especially when the problem to be solved is complicated and when a lot of habitancy are involved. So, participation of others in the planning process is very prominent since it is vital to make a good and prosperous plan rather than an unrealistic plan.
Planning as a decision-making process
In most cases, planning is extremely associated to decision making. Decisions are constantly being made in reality without any difficulties at all. Decisions can be made by straightforward intuitions, but it can also be made by a deeper prognosis of a problem. An example of an intuitive decision: which hand do I use writing a paper or what is the best position for me to get into sleep in bed at night, etc. This kind of decision making happens automatically; there is no need for a deeper analysis. The planner, however, is not a person who believes that all his problems can be solved with intuitions. If this is the case, a dangerous situation might arise for the planner himself or for the habitancy who are affected by his plans. A sensible group planner realizes that the group reality is a complicated reality. For this reason, the group planner will base his plans on rational analysis. It must be mentioned that a group planner is also a human being who is not perfect.
Planning is about decision making. In turn, decision making is based on analysis; this means that a obvious part of the reality must be subdivided into a obvious number of parts. These parts can be analyzed which means that all the consequences of all the problem-solving alternatives must be screened. However, it is impossible to make a complete prognosis of the entire reality which is too complicated in nature.
Usually, there is not sufficient time, money, and intellectual capabilities to solve a group problem in a total manner. This does not mean that that an incomplete prognosis is useless because it will illustrate the problem a lot more and there is no doubt about the usefulness of an incomplete analysis. In order to illustrate this, an illustration can be given. Fantasize there are two alternative plans available and it is de facto vital that one choice is chosen. In addition, it is known that the results of plan A are less satisfying than the results of plan B. The chances that plan B will succeed is only 40%. But it is also known that in case plan B is successful, then the results at the end is much best than the results of plan A. Which plan do you have to choose? The following calculations will provide more clarity. Suppose the success of plan B will be given the value of 1 and the failure of plan A will be given the value 0. In case plan A succeeds, a value of 0.7 can be given, but if plan B fails, a value of 0.2 can be given. The thinkable, value for choosing plan A can now be calculated:
(0.8 x 0.7) + (0.2 x 0.0) = 0.56
For choosing plan B, the calculation is:
(0.4 x 1.0) + (0.6 x 0.2) + 0.52
So, in this case plan A should be the obvious choice.
Planning, forecasting, and course making
It was already mentioned that the process of planning includes anticipation. This process of hope or forecasting is de facto the process of predicting the future. Planning and forecasting cannot be separated from each other, but cannot be separated from the process of course making. The process of course making can be defined as the hunt for obvious means in order to reach an approved goal in the future. In other words, problems we have today must be eliminated in the hereafter and it is our task to find means to perform this goal. Planning in this case must be seen as a supporting factor of course making consisting of the following processes: preparation, consideration, decision, execution, evaluation, and feedback. The connection in the middle of planning, forecasting, and course making is beneficial because governments, politicians and course makers need all these instruments.
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